Our team of over 5, expert assignment writers with high qualifications and fabulous writing prowess, we are able to offer a wide array of assignment writing services in the UK. Our customised range of UK assignments help include case studies, homework solutions, coursework assistance, lab reports, presentations and many more. Read More Jun 14, · CTN Cash & Carry Ltd v Gallagher Ltd [] 4 All ER Economic duress; monopolies ( words) Facts. CTN contracted with Gallagher for the purchase of cigarettes. Gallagher delivered the cigarettes to the wrong address where they Aug 14, · The clinical coursework must be offered by an acceptable two-year graduate social work program, such as one registered by the Department as licensure-qualifying for the LCSW. Coursework may be completed either as part of the M.S.W. degree program or after completion of the program to remedy deficiencies in clinical content
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Money is any item or verifiable record that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debtssuch as taxesin a particular country or socio-economic context.
Money is historically an emergent market phenomenon establishing a commodity moneybut nearly all contemporary money systems are based on fiat money. The money supply of a country consists of currency cash 4 coursework public services and coins and, depending on the particular definition used, one or more types of bank money the balances held in checking accountssavings accountsand other types of bank accounts.
Bank money, which consists only of records mostly computerized in modern bankingforms by far the largest part of broad money in developed countries. The word money derives from the Latin word moneta with the meaning "coin" via French monnaie. The Latin word is believed to originate from a temple of Junoon Capitolineone of Rome's seven hills.
In the ancient world, Juno was often associated with money, cash 4 coursework public services. The temple of Juno Moneta at Rome was the place where the mint of Ancient Rome was located.
In the Western world a prevalent term for coin-money has been speciestemming from Latin in speciemeaning 'in kind'. The use of barter -like methods may date back to at leastyears ago, though there is no evidence of a society or economy that relied primarily on barter.
Many cultures around the world eventually developed the use of commodity money. The Mesopotamian shekel was a unit of weight, and relied on the mass of something like grains of barley.
Societies in the Americas, Asia, Africa and Australia used shell money — often, the shells of the cowry Cypraea moneta L. annulus L. According to Herodotusthe Lydians were the first people to introduce the use of gold and silver coins. The system of commodity money eventually evolved into a system of representative money, cash 4 coursework public services.
Eventually, these receipts became generally accepted as a means of payment and were used as money. Paper money or banknotes were first used in China during the Song dynasty. These banknotes, known as " jiaozi ", evolved from promissory notes that had been used since the 7th century.
However, they did not displace commodity money and were used alongside coins. In the 13th century, paper money became known in Europe through the accounts of travellers, such as Marco Polo and William of Rubruck. The gold standarda monetary system where the medium of exchange are paper notes that are convertible into pre-set, fixed quantities of gold, replaced the use of gold coins as currency in the 17th—19th centuries in Europe.
These gold standard notes were made legal tenderand redemption into gold coins cash 4 coursework public services discouraged. By the beginning of the 20th century, cash 4 coursework public services, almost all countries had adopted the gold standard, backing their legal tender notes with fixed amounts of gold.
After World War II and the Bretton Woods Conferencemost countries adopted fiat currencies that were fixed to the U. The U. dollar was in turn fixed to gold. In the U. government suspended the convertibility of the U.
dollar to gold. After this many countries de-pegged their currencies from the U. dollar, and most of the world's currencies became unbacked by anything except the governments' fiat of legal tender and the ability to convert the money into goods via payment. According to proponents of modern money theoryfiat money is also backed by taxes.
By imposing taxes, states create demand for the currency they issue. In Money and the Mechanism of ExchangeWilliam Stanley Jevons famously analyzed money in terms of four functions: a medium of exchangea common measure of value or unit of accounta standard of value or standard of deferred paymentand a store of value. ByJevons's four functions of money were cash 4 coursework public services in the couplet :. This couplet would later become widely popular in macroeconomics textbooks.
There have been many historical disputes regarding the combination of money's functions, some arguing that they need more separation and that a single unit is insufficient to deal with them all. One of these arguments is that the role of money as a medium of exchange conflicts with its role as a store of value : its role as a store of value requires holding it without spending, whereas its role as a medium of exchange requires it to circulate, cash 4 coursework public services.
The term "financial capital" is a more general and inclusive term for all liquid instruments, whether or not they are a uniformly cash 4 coursework public services tender. When money is used to intermediate the exchange of goods and services, it is performing a function as a medium of exchange.
It thereby avoids the inefficiencies of a barter system, such as the inability to permanently ensure " coincidence of wants ". For example, between two parties in a barter system, one party may not have or make the item that the other wants, indicating the non-existence of the coincidence of wants.
Having a cash 4 coursework public services of exchange can alleviate this issue because the former can have the freedom to spend time on other items, instead of being burdened to only serve the needs of the latter. Meanwhile, cash 4 coursework public services, the latter can use the medium of exchange to seek for a party that can provide them with the item they want. A unit of account in economics [27] is a standard numerical monetary unit of measurement of the market value of goods, services, and other transactions.
Also known as a "measure" or "standard" of relative worth and deferred payment, a unit of account is a necessary prerequisite for the formulation of commercial agreements that involve debt. Money acts as a standard measure and a common denomination of trade. It is thus a basis for quoting and bargaining of prices. It is necessary for developing efficient accounting systems. While standard of deferred payment is distinguished by some texts, [5] particularly older ones, other texts subsume this under other functions.
When debts are denominated in money, the real value of debts may change due to inflation and deflationand for sovereign and international debts via debasement and devaluation.
To act as a store of valuemoney must be able to be reliably saved, stored, and retrieved — and be predictably usable as a medium of exchange when it is retrieved. The value of the money must also remain stable over time. Some have argued that inflation, by reducing the value of money, diminishes the ability of the money to function as a store of value.
To fulfill its various functions, money must have certain properties: [28], cash 4 coursework public services. In economics, money is any financial instrument that can fulfill the functions of money detailed above. These financial instruments together are collectively referred to as the money supply of an economy. In other words, the money supply is the number of financial instruments within a specific economy available for purchasing goods or services.
Since the money supply consists of various financial instruments usually currency, demand deposits, and various other types of depositsthe amount of money in an economy is measured by adding together these financial instruments creating a monetary aggregate. Modern monetary theory distinguishes among different ways to measure the stock of money or money supply, reflected in different types of monetary aggregates, using a categorization system that focuses on the liquidity of the financial instrument used as money.
The most commonly used monetary aggregates or types of money are conventionally designated M1, M2, and M3. M1 includes only the most liquid financial instruments, and M3 relatively illiquid instruments. The precise definition of M1, M2, etc. may be different in different countries.
Another measure of money, M0, is also used; unlike the other measures, it does not represent actual purchasing power by firms and households in the economy.
It is measured as currency plus deposits of banks and other institutions at the central bank. M0 is also the only money that can satisfy the reserve requirements of commercial banks. Legal tenderor narrow money M0 is the cash created by a Central Bank by minting coins and printing banknotes. Currently, bank money is created as electronic money.
Contrary to some popular misconceptions, banks do not act simply as intermediaries, lending out deposits that savers place with them, and do not depend on central bank money M0 to create new loans and deposits. Money is the most liquid asset because it is universally recognized and accepted as a common currency.
In this way, money gives consumers the freedom to trade goods and services easily without having to barter. Liquid financial instruments are easily tradable and have low transaction costs.
There should be no or minimal spread between the prices to buy and sell the instrument being used as money. Many items have been used as commodity money such as naturally scarce precious metalsconch shellsbarleybeads, etc.
Commodity money value comes from the commodity out of which it is made. The commodity itself constitutes the money, and the money is the commodity.
These items were sometimes used in a metric of perceived value in conjunction with one another, in various commodity valuation or price system economies. The use of commodity money is similar to barter, but a commodity money provides a simple and automatic unit of account for the commodity which is being used as money.
Although some gold coins such as the Krugerrand are considered legal tenderthere is no record of their face value on either side of the coin. The rationale for this is that emphasis is laid on their direct link to the prevailing value of their fine gold content. Inthe British economist William Stanley Jevons described the money used at the time as " representative money ". Representative money is money that consists of token coinspaper money or other physical tokens such as certificates, that can be reliably exchanged for a fixed quantity of a commodity such as gold or silver.
The value of representative money stands in direct and fixed relation to the commodity that backs it, while not itself being composed of that commodity. Fiat money or fiat currency is money whose value is not derived from any intrinsic value or guarantee that it can be converted into a valuable commodity such as gold. Instead, it has value only by government order fiat. Usually, the government declares the fiat currency typically notes and coins from a central bank, such as the Federal Reserve System in the U.
to be legal tendermaking it unlawful not to accept the fiat currency as a means of repayment for all debts, public and private. Some bullion coins such as the Australian Gold Nugget and American Eagle are legal tender, however, they trade based on the market price of the metal content as a commodityrather than their legal tender face value which is usually only a small fraction of their bullion value.
Fiat money, if physically represented in the form of currency paper or coinscash 4 coursework public services, can be accidentally damaged or destroyed. However, cash 4 coursework public services, fiat money has an advantage over representative or commodity money, in that the same laws that created the money can also define rules for its replacement in case of damage or destruction.
For example, the U. government will replace mutilated Federal Reserve Notes U. fiat money if at least half of the physical note can be reconstructed, cash 4 coursework public services, or if it can be otherwise proven to have been destroyed.
These factors led to the shift of the store cash 4 coursework public services value being the metal itself: at first silver, then both silver and gold, and at one point there was bronze cash 4 coursework public services well, cash 4 coursework public services. Now we have copper coins and other non-precious metals as coins. Metals were mined, weighed, and stamped into coins. This was to assure the individual taking the coin that he was getting a certain known weight of precious metal.
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, time: 27:03Money - Wikipedia
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